Since the reform and opening up, China's total egg production has been rising, egg laying hens industry structure has been adjusted and optimized, the layout of the industrial advantage gradually formed, industrial competitiveness increased significantly. But can not be ignored is that there are still some outstanding problems in the process of the development of layer industry in our country. The in summing up, based on China layer industry development present situation and achievement of the key to laying hens, the development of related industries are carried out and put forward policy recommendations to promote the sustainable development of layer industry in China.
Development status and achievements of layer industry in China
1 laying hens steady development
(1) egg production continued to rise, the output value of the founding of the country, the total output of eggs in China has been rising, has become the world's largest egg producer. In 2008 the total egg production reached 2 billion 296 million 870 thousand T (about 40% of global production), respectively, in 1949, 1978, the total output of eggs 84.65 times and 8.70 times. With increase of egg production, egg industry output value will continue to increase, in 2003 exceeded 100 billion yuan mark. At present, it has formed breeding chicken, egg chicken, eggs, retail, feed, veterinary drugs and vaccine related industry annual output value more than 350 billion yuan of the huge industrial chain.
(2) layer industrial structure adjustment, optimization with the rapid development of livestock industry, China layer industry structure has been adjusted and structure has been optimized, increasing efficiency of the industrial structure, the industrial structure level. The egg industry structure has been optimized. In recent years, in egg products in our country, the egg production accounted for stable proportion of the output of poultry and eggs in 85%, other egg production stable at 15% (the duck for 12%, goose eggs and quail eggs other egg production stable proportion in 3%). The development of new varieties and introduction, promote the further optimize the structure of the eggs, accelerate the rate of egg production by the traditional quantity growth to the increase of efficiency of transition. The product structure is becoming more and more diversified. Overall, the Chinese egg consumption structure is relatively simple, mainly to egg consumption and egg consumption accounted for 90% of China's total production of eggs, and egg processing and conversion degree is only 0.26%, the rest of 9.74% yield as the export of fresh eggs or loss. However, with the development of science and technology and changes in consumer preferences, China's egg industry has continued to market oriented, egg product structure has been optimized and the diversity of the characteristics. One is the egg product function diversification. Consumers in the pursuit of basic nutrition and function of eggs pursuit is becoming more and more popular, thus contributing to the high iodine eggs, selenium enriched eggs, egg with high-energy, low cholesterol eggs and egg supply increase. Two is the safety performance of eggs increased gradually, egg safety by high incomes of consumers. At present, our country has passed the national pollution-free, green and organic eggs production certification, compared with the traditional eggs, the production of safe eggs will be more and more high. Three is the diversification of egg products. Although the degree of conversion of eggs in our country is relatively low, but the potential of egg products processing is very large. At present our country egg processing are mainly include: liquid egg products (liquid whole egg, liquid egg yolk and protein solution, etc.) and egg products (ice whole egg, egg yolk, ice protein), dried egg products (general and add sugar whole eggs, protein and egg yolk powder, etc.) and egg deep-processing products (lysozyme, ovotransferrin, egg white peptide, egg yolk antibody, lecithin and egg phosvitin and).
(3) industrial advantages layout basically formed with large-scale breeding and improving breeding hens and increased competition, profits increasingly thin and consumers of egg freshness and quality demanding, prompted egg producing nearby, the nearest sales trends are becoming evident, the egg industry layout has been continuously adjust and optimize, and gradually forming. Production area concentration. Main producing areas of China
To distribute in North China, East China and Northeast China and other major grain producing areas, including egg production in the top 6 provinces are Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangsu and Sichuan. In laying hens intensive rearing area, backward modes of production, chicken farms, feed mills, veterinary drug sales, eggs by 12582 agricultural ICT website that sells business to interpenetration, in accordance with national pollution-free standards it is difficult to find in line with the conditions of the farm. In recent years, due to the impact of intensive farming district egg market price fluctuations, avian flu epidemic is serious, increased transportation costs, cheap imports of feed in coastal areas, poultry facilities improvement, many northern original raise hens local herds in rapid reduction, such as Hebei fell by more than 30%; in the past on diaojin egg region, due to breeding technology of solving and estate egg price and reasons, a substantial increase in the amount of breeding, in regions such as Guangdong, Guangxi and other. Market regional concentration. In recent seven or eight years, laying hens is a national development trend, and many provinces have developed rapidly, the basic formation of the domestic five major egg consumption market. According to the 2008 provincial towns and rural residents per capita consumption of indoor eggs, egg consumption market in our country mainly concentrated in the northeast and North China area. Specifically, according to the current household per capita consumption, China's egg market layout has the following features: one is Tianjin City, Beijing City, Liaoning Province, Shanghai City, the per capita consumption of the highest indoor egg (11 ~ 16kg/); followed by the Shandong Province, Heilongjiang Province, Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Hebei province so, the average egg consumption was higher indoors (7 ~ 11kg/); three in Jilin Province, Shanxi Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, Henan Province, Chongqing city (5 ~ 7kg/); four in Hubei Province, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi Province, Sichuan Province, Jiangxi Province, Qinghai Province, the Ningxia autonomous region, Xinjiang autonomous region, Hunan Province, Yunnan Province, Guangxi autonomous region, Gansu Province, Hainan province and Guizhou province (2 ~ 5kg/), per capita annual indoor egg consumption is the lowest in the Tibet autonomous region, in 2008 the per capita annual egg consumption is only 1.35kg.
2 meet the nutritional needs of consumers. Guarantee food safety
(1) to meet the needs of the consumer with the rapid development of egg industry, China's annual per capita share of eggs. In 2008, China's per capita annual per capita reached the level of developed countries (per capita share of 17.3kg), the basic guarantee of 1 eggs per person per day in our country. 2008 China's per capita consumption of eggs per capita 15.6kg, the average daily consumption of 42.65 g eggs, daily from the egg to get protein 5.33 G.
(2) to provide consumers with cheap protein eggs and pork, lamb and other animal products for the human animal protein. Through comparative analysis can be seen, pork, mutton, beef, and chicken, and its price is low relative to the price of current our country egg protein was only 0.064 yuan / g, respectively, the price of pork protein of 29%, 34% of the price of mutton protein, 28% of the price of beef protein, the price of chicken protein 58%. As a result, the healthy development of the layer industry provides a cheap protein supply for our consumers. (3) the safety degree of the product quality continuously improve with the layer industry in China's rapid and steady development, egg products quality and safety supervision will continue to strengthen, and constantly improve the relevant laws and regulations, management system and technical standards, egg products quality and safety monitoring system to further improve, veterinary drugs and feed additives management efforts to further increase, effectively improves the safety level of China's product quality of eggs.
3 to promote employment and increase farmers' income
At present, China's egg industry practitioners about 1 million people, annual output value of more than 1 500 billion yuan, but also led to the development of feed industry, veterinary drugs and vaccine production, equipment manufacturing industry, such as upstream and downstream related industries, to broaden the channels of employment of the social workers, increase employment opportunities, alleviate the current employment pressure in China; at the same time, the development of layer industry for farmers income provides good conditions, farmers breeding hens can prevent abandoned land, made contribution for the development of local economy and industry, is the most important, farmers' income increase, advantageously promotes the stability and development in rural areas.
The main problems existing in the development of the layer industry in China
After decades of efforts, layer industry in China has made some achievements, but compared with egg industry developed countries, China layer industry in the macro management, disease prevention and control, seed breeding technology, consumer guide layer is large gap, there are also some of the more prominent issues.
1 industry entry threshold is low. Production scale is small, excessive competition is serious
China's egg industry for a long time, the lack of clear national standards, lack of market access system, many practitioners, especially retail and small scale producers, one-sided pursuit of immediate interests, the stage of low level into, blindness and herd behavior features prominent, mainstream industry have serious impact, raise gallinaceous profit continued to decrease. Coupled with egg quality only by instruments were identified, in the absence of clear unified national standards, testing and supervision system is not perfect, completely rely on the market to free competition, the breeding process is simple, poor farming environment, breed cost low low-quality low-cost eggs popular, many good quality eggs but was unable to gain a competitive price and market egg "bad money expulsion good money" phenomenon is serious. Some of the production environment and process by international standards certification of large-scale chicken breeding company, into a high cost to build up high quality egg products market, unable to withstand the impact of some of the "shoddy" practitioners. Because of the industry into the threshold low, government management lack of quantitative standard, coupled with consumer information asymmetry, results of free competition in the market, it is inevitable that really good quality eggs under the pressure of cost and profit, unsustainable, and some even had to withdraw from the market. Especially for walk the road of brand development enterprises, to adhere to the production of high quality, it is necessary to have to pay a high cost, but market prices to enable enterprises to had to compress profit margins, to ensure the production of high-quality eggs become enterprise's greatest weakness.
2 variety is single, the production level is low
(1) is the species research in understanding to the current domestic leading varieties of laying hens is hy, accounted for more than 80%, other is Roman, Isabella, Hessian, Nick, etc., accounted for 20%, breed is relatively single. At the same time, layer varieties in China long-term dependence on imports, for the source of most of the control in the hands of foreign, failed to make full use of the domestic chicken breeds and wastes a large amount of foreign exchange and layer varieties in China's capability of independent innovation needs to be improved. In addition, China seed propagation system with farmers loose relationship, responsibility is not clear, resulting in excellent individual home Yici charge, production of counterfeit products, disrupting the market order.
(2) in terms of the production level, although the number of eggs in our country ranks first in the world, but because of the environment, facilities and other conditions are not complete, the scale of production is large, the level of layer production is different. And because of our country's production mode is backward, the scale is not high, the advanced application technology is low, making some egg production level is far lower than the level of the world's developed countries. At present, under general production condition of our country, each laying hens in laying 15 ~ 16KG, feed egg than 2.6 ~ 2.8:1, death elimination rate is 20% ~ 30%, and the developed countries per laying hens in laying 17 ~ 18kg, feed egg ratio 2.3:1, death elimination rate of 1%. Compared with the developed countries, the potential for raising the level of layer in our country is very great.
3 laying hens in the disease prevention and control problems, and the epidemic prevention system needs to be improved
Disease has become the main factor that affects the sustainable development and efficiency of the layer industry in our country. In laying hens disease pathogens continue to mutate and evolve, bacterial infection and parasitic diseases continue to emerge, mixed infections has become the mainstream of the disease, some pathogens infection and pathogenesis can also cause immune suppression, the layer group frequent incidence and light effects on health and production performance, serious cause death, the harm is great. At present, our hens breeding field (happen) layout, has many disadvantages, use the longer years of farm (homes), environmental pollution more serious, especially some farming village, large. Backyard farming and small and complete management mode, into the chicken, materials, sewage treatment, immune system disorganized, lack of unified industry management, cross infection of diseases, the chicken farmers of chicken comprehensive health care consciousness weak, health and epidemic prevention awareness. And environment changing, the environment around the farm or coop is serious pollution of pathogenic pathogens spread from ground and air, a variety of media, a full range, epidemic disease continue to occur, has caused the loss or potential risk is very serious. To this end, the actual operation of the epidemic prevention system needs to be improved.
(1) strengthen veterinary epidemic prevention system and industry coordinated administrative nature of the strong veterinary epidemic prevention system with fully market-oriented industry is difficult to fully supporting and coordination and lack of coordinated with the rules of the market mechanism and industry management institutions, government over the years invested funds to effect has obvious room for improvement.
(2) a unified national disease prevention and control system is to be build egg is the circulation of commodities. But there is still a lack of a based on the natural conditions and social conditions, biological safety conditions based on the unified planning and management system deficiencies, leading to disease prevention and control of culling compensation policy in certain degree and range of unreasonable.
(3) from the epidemic report, vaccine development to promote the prevention and control of the cycle is too long early infection control, bacterial disease flooding, the formation of a huge biological safety hazard.
(4) supporting service system lack of biological security concepts and sense of responsibility of government monitoring and management is not in place, feed, feeding skip, packaging box for eggs, eggs, chicken truck are caused by way of the spread of the disease.
(5) issues such as immunization procedures, inappropriate use of vaccines and illicit drug use, and no means of monitoring the use of antibodies, but also need to be improved.
4 lower breeding efficiency. Farmers face a large market risk
At present, the high cost of laying hens breeding in China, and relatively low income, although in recent years the cost and income of our country's layer rate gradually improved, but is still in the lower level, in 2008, the cost income rate only reached 8.14%.
In recent years, with the advance of the degree of marketization, and the international market competition intense, the uncertainty of the fluctuations in the price of eggs has become influence the stable development of industry and laying hens feeding households income level is an important factor. According to the analysis of related statistical data, 1995 - 1999, egg prices fluctuate greatly at the same time decreased rapidly; after 1999, egg prices fluctuate to a low level, in the long run, the price of eggs tends to be stable, but in the short term, the price of eggs still at a low level high amplitude fluctuations. At present, China's demand for eggs tends to saturation, broad farmer blindly launched, resulting in laying hens increased competition, the producers of laying hens in profit or loss situation, which leads to the increase in the stable demand supply, to promote the rapid decline in the market price of eggs; and due to the process of laying hens face a greater risk of disease, in China's rural areas is difficult to achieve comprehensive prevention and scientific prevention, resulted in enhanced production instability, resulting in the risk of fluctuations in the market price of eggs, is not conducive to the stability and development of the egg industry, conducive to the long-term interests of consumers.
5 egg quality potential safety issues outstanding
China's livestock and poultry feed in the abuse of antibiotics, chemical synthesis of drugs, arsenic and other growth promoting agents, resulting in harm to human and animal health and food safety incidents occurred many times. In the process of laying hens, in addition shall be strictly prohibited to use countries prohibited the use of veterinary drugs; it is strictly prohibited to use antibiotics, organic arsenic and other toxic and harmful substances as a feed additive, strictly abide by state about Tu parked in front of the drug regulations, so as to avoid excessive drug residues, should also accelerate the improvement of the standard of social effects of pollution, although part of the standard (parts of the developed breeding hens and technical specification, veterinary epidemic prevention standards) have been developed. But it is not perfect. Our country should draw lessons from developed countries laying hens production process and technology, toxic and harmful substances detection technology, veterinary drugs and regulations and standards, product standards, such as the use of and further improve our country's relevant standards and regulations, as soon as possible enterprises in the provinces and the conditions are ripe, the establishment of China's egg products traceability system.
Egg products can be traced back to the network platform technology system: the system includes farm, out of the chicken processing plant and egg sales and logistics links, such as multiple traceability production, circulation links. Binding has issued a number of countries or aquaculture industry, feed, epidemic prevention, environmental protection and processing in the production chain of the specification, according to the principle of safety production monitoring the quality traceability system, from laying hens started retrogressive, according to the production chain step by step symbol code, relying on network technology and technology of product of static and dynamic detection, through the computer network "retroactive" to obtain the consumption of egg products related information. Once the occurrence of food safety incidents, but also from the product side of the "positive traceability", access to product production, sales and distribution of information, in order to make a quick response and timely treatment.
6 lack of egg wholesale and retail professional market
Although the whole egg industry production is still growing, but the consumption of eggs and egg products of urban residents and rural residents in China after 2000 is basically stable, almost no growth. This fully shows that China's egg consumption market has become saturated, egg consumption with production and market price fluctuations and adjust. According to industry life cycle theory and the industrial strategy theory, for after the rapid growth of the industry into the "platform" period, should actively make use of relevant industrial policy tools, study of the transition period of industrial development strategy, to promote and maintain the stability of the industrial development.
Policy suggestions on the development of layer industry in China
1 increase efforts to support the laying hens, ease the problem of corporate finance is difficult for enterprises lack of loan mortgage, financing cycle is longer and other issues, the government should provide targeted support. Improve on laying hens enterprises subsidized loans for the range and scope of; through subsidies to guarantee company, low layer enterprise guarantee; encourage and support to the industry leading enterprises as the core of the establishment of the security company, providing professional financial services for the farmers raise chickens; establishment of laying hens financing loan money fund to support, provide a long-term and stable financial support for the development of layer industry; according to different scale chicken breeding company, the introduction of the corresponding financing support policy, change breeding hens can only rely on their own rolling snowball and private lending development present situation. 2009 central document requirements increase the standardization of livestock and poultry farms (District) project investment, increase credit support efforts to implement the policy of land use and other farms. However, the current policy of large-scale, modern chicken farming enterprises support efforts. Such enterprises are still in the early stages of development, but also need the government's strong support. The key is to formulate corresponding detailed rules for implementation and measures, expand benefited range, for large farms, farming community, farmer cooperatives and pacesetting enterprises of different scale and formulate specific support measures.
2 determine the basic access threshold of the industry, the implementation of the inspection and quarantine system before entering the market
(1) laying hens industry national standards, to determine the basic market access threshold should follow mandatory and realistic operational principles, the development of standards and market access system, but also to strictly implement. However, the transformation and upgrading of the layer industry, but also need to be based on existing conditions and resources, there are plans to move closer to the ideal state.
(2) the implementation of the industry access system to more accurately grasp the number of enterprises and production, to protect the overall interests of the industry. First from the chicken enterprise grabbed strictly control the number and size of the progenitor, to declare the number and sale parents algebraic quantity does not match (mainly refers to the super index) of enterprises increase penalties, or even cancel the qualification. If the disease purification is better, but also encourages the molting of progenitor chicken, but the amount should be included in the scope of the declaration. In order to increase the income of farmers, the other industries to enter the breeding industry to have a powerful means of control.
(3) to give full play to the quality supervision department of the supervision and inspection functions of strict inspection procedures, strengthen supervision; and in all kinds of sales terminals set up inspection and quarantine departments, to eliminate substandard eggs into the market.
3 encourage and guide farmers to set up a chicken breeding cooperatives, to promote the size of the laying hens, professional farming
Laying hens farming cooperatives is an effective means to solve the current plight of the industry, the development process of developed countries has been fully proved this point. With the implementation of the urbanization process accelerated and the market access system, small and medium-sized retail eggs directly into the proportion of the market will be gradually reduced, after egg processing enterprises in the processing, processing and packaging into the share gradually rise, so the market supply will gradually form a similar milk sales situation, leading enterprises to bear the market risk, farmers only bear farming risk. Once the formation of the market pattern, leading enterprises or cooperatives will regulate the breed, scale and quality of farmers, to achieve the orderly development of the market, to promote the scale and automation of the appropriate scale breeding. As China's farmers' cooperatives have just started, so the government must increase efforts to support and regulate, such as in line with the requirements of the cooperatives to give direct subsidies, etc..
4 to give full play to the government's macro-control functions, to reduce the risk of the industry
Formulation of the relevant policies conducive to the development of the egg industry, macro-control.
(1) to develop the direction and focus of the laying hens industry development programming clarify the government's financial subsidies, monitoring and control of the total production of the industry at the same time, to ensure the equilibrium of supply and demand.
(2) the implementation of price subsidies to maintain the stability of the price system of layer industry chain. Increase subsidies to the main raw material of feed corn, soybeans and other crops, from the fundamental solution to the high cost of feed raw materials, reduce the external economic environment caused by price fluctuations, guarantee normal profit margins for enterprises of laying hens.
(3) as soon as possible, the introduction of the implementation of the insurance policy of laying hens insurance business, reducing the impact of the industry is not controlled by the layer, to reduce the risk of the industry, to ensure the smooth production of aquaculture.
(4) establish a file database system of unified practitioners in the industry to speed up the egg industry informatization construction, realize national layer product prices and raw materials and other production resources price tracking, reporting and management, accurate forecast price trends, and on the basis of products market forecast.
(5) to establish the epidemic situation of epidemic dynamic data monitoring system in the first time to determine the epidemic situation at the fastest speed, rapid and effective control of the epidemic, the harm of infectious diseases to the minimum. Through the above measures, and gradually realize the integration of the egg industry, orderly development.
5 to have the strength, the large scale Laying Hens Production enterprise to give the necessary policy to tilt
In our country at present of layer industry development with foreign advanced level there is a gap, the financial crisis is "danger" and "machine", will further promote the industry reshuffle, out of production low, small scale, extensive management, backward, control the overall development of the industry of small enterprises. Suggested that the state reference mode for the development of iron and steel industry, the bargaining ability, large in scale, advanced management enterprise give necessary policy tilt, guide the strength of large enterprises mergers and acquisitions, fully integrated layer industrial structure, establish 3 ~ 5 layer industry group in the pilot, and in the capital, policy, science and technology key support, create a national brand, to participate in international competition, to develop the international market.
6, increase investment, promote the establishment and improvement of the domestic excellent breeder Resources R & D system
Present situation in view of the current domestic hens varieties of long-term dependence on imports, right to the source control of foreign companies, China should increase investment in poultry breeding base construction, as soon as possible to promote the breed resource of our country independent research and development system establishment and the consummation. Survey responses, Shandong Yuncheng Chang Long breeding poultry company, Shaanxi Dajiang agricultural industry Co., Ltd., several layers of enterprise actively called for the central and local governments increase support to the excellent homemade chicken varieties breeding, breeding, such as grain saving North Nongda No. 3 and other varieties, the current Miaoji market demand, it is recommended increase investment, support the rapid expansion of industrial scale in domestic varieties. To establish and perfect the system of independent research and development of the excellent resources of breeder can not only reduce the cost of breeding poultry enterprises, and to enhance the autonomy of the layer of enterprise in China, resist the adverse effects of the international financial crisis and fluctuations in the international market of circulation.
